Radio World’s ebook for March 2021 is a look at brand-new or recently introduced products for the radio broadcast or audio industry professional.
From products for the virtualized air chain to new microphones, on-air lights and codecs, here are approximately 50 products to learn about.
The post Spring Product Preview: A New Ebook appeared first on Radio World.
As of April 26, the Federal Communications Commission can start hitting pirate radio operators with beefy new fines.
The Federal Register has now published rules that the FCC recently adopted at the direction of Congress in the “Preventing Illegal Radio Abuse Through Enforcement (PIRATE) Act.” The rules take effect April 26.
[Read “It’s Official: PIRATE Act Signed Into Law”]
The act, signed by President Trump early last year, gives the FCC authority to levy fines of up to $100,000 per violation and $2 million in total.
It also aimed to streamline the enforcement process; requires the FCC to conduct mandatory enforcement sweeps in cities with the highest concentration of pirate radio use; and seeks to ensure more coordination among federal, state and local law enforcement.
The law also mandated the creation of a publicly accessible online database that lists U.S. stations as well as all entities that have received notice that they are operating a broadcast station without authority.
But whether the commission will be able to carry out all of these goals anytime soon is a question.
In January, as we’ve reported, the head of enforcement at the FCC told Congress that efforts to implement the act against illegal stations have been hampered by the pandemic as well as a lack of funding.
Rosemary C. Harold, chief of the Enforcement Bureau, submitted the commission’s first annual report to Congress about its pirate radio work.
Harold said the mandatory telework policy that took effect due to COVID-19 was an obstacle. And, she continued, as of January the commission had received no funding to implement the act a year after it became law.
“The Congressional Budget Office and the commission both estimated that it would cost $11 million for the commission to implement the act,” she said then.
“And yet, the PIRATE Act itself contained no appropriation or other funding source to cover its implementation costs. And because the commission’s FY 2021 budget ceiling level was established by the Office of Management and Budget on December 3, 2019, before Congress adopted the PIRATE Act, the commission did not have an opportunity to incorporate costs related to the implementation of the PIRATE Act during the president’s fiscal year (FY) 2021 budget process.”
As to “sweeps” that the FCC is supposed to do at least once a year in the five markets where pirate radio is worst, she said the commission began studying this but the bureau’s ability to conduct the sweeps “will remain subject to obtaining new funding through the appropriations process” as well as the end of the pandemic. For the same reasons, the public database doesn’t exist a year after it was supposed to be in place.
By the way, the federal government in these new rules defines pirate radio broadcasting as “the transmission of communications on spectrum frequencies between 535 and 1705 kilohertz, inclusive, or 87.7 and 108 megahertz, inclusive, without a license issued by the commission, but does not include unlicensed operations in compliance with part 15 of title 47, Code of Federal Regulations.” Part 15 allows certain unlicensed operations at very low power levels.
The post FCC Can Use New Pirate Radio Fines Starting April 26 appeared first on Radio World.
With widespread acceptance that work from home is here to stay for at least some segment of broadcast talent and staff, Omnirax has designed a line of compact models which fit in smaller spaces. The company says these economical, ergonomic, purpose-built Work From Home furniture solutions will help “work from homers” become healthier, happier and more effective.
[Check Out More Products at Radio World’s Products Section]
Two models, available in three base options (sitting, standing, motorized adjustable height), two configurations (with or without four-space rack) and three color schemes make this a very customizable option for a variety of broadcast applications.
Pictured is model WFH2-AH, motorized, adjustable height in pumice with optional EchoScape Screens.
Info: https://omnirax.com
The post Omnirax Broadcast Intros Work From Home Line appeared first on Radio World.
American Public Media is a publishing partner for the Samsung Podcasts service available in the new “Listen” tab of Samsung Free content/app service.
“Through this partnership, APM audio content is now available on the Samsung Podcasts service, on compatible Galaxy smartphones,” APM said in its announcement.
[Read: Survey Says Podcast Demographics Continue to Diversify]
“Starting today, Samsung Podcasts enables Galaxy users to discover and listen to a huge selection of today’s most popular podcasts, including popular shows from APM’s library, such as ‘Marketplace,’‘Don’t Ask Tig’ and ‘Brains On!’”
Samsung Podcasts are in the new Samsung Free platform, which gives users access to live TV, headlines and games. Samsung Free and Samsung Podcasts are available on compatible Galaxy S21, Galaxy S20, Galaxy Note20, Galaxy S10 and Galaxy Note10 devices.
APM’s Thomas De Napoli, managing director, multiplatform sales strategy & business development, American Public Media, said the move “is an excellent way for us to reach even more young and diverse audiences on a global scale.”
The post APM Is Launch Partner for Samsung Podcasts appeared first on Radio World.
iHeartMedia has promoted Barbara Latham to area president for Central Florida, overseeing the Orlando and Melbourne markets.
She will be responsible for overseeing programming, advertising and operations across its stations in those cities. She will report to Division President Linda Byrd, who had been handling the Space Coast role but now will focus on her division president responsibilities, which now have expanded to include all of Florida.
[Read: iHeart Tabs Paul Rogers to Lead North Florida]
Latham has held leadership positions in Jacksonville, Melbourne and Orlando and most recently was senior vice president of sales for iHeartMedia Orlando.
She began her career as an account executive and sales manager for Hoker/Paxson Broadcasting.
Send news of hires, promotions and job changes to radioworld@futurenet.com.
The post iHeart Promotes Latham in Florida appeared first on Radio World.
The author is IT and engineering manager at Riverbend Communications.
IDAHO FALLS, Idaho — KTHK is a commercial, 100 kW station owned by Riverbend Communications broadcasting KTHK(FM)/105 The Hawk throughout the southeast Idaho region including Blackfoot, Idaho Falls, Pocatello, and Rexburg.
The main 105.5 MHz FM signal, which has an ERP of 100 kW, propagates from a butte near Idaho Falls, and is supplemented with a translator on 105.9 MHz FM to service the tricky Pocatello geography.
It’s an overall challenging market to cover that was further complicated as our main tube transmitter, with a manufacturing badge dated 1978, had been increasingly hindered by component failures.
Parts became more expensive and harder to source with each passing year. The transmitter finally suffered an untimely critical failure, and an immediate replacement was ordered while the station ran on an auxiliary backup.
Fortunately, plans were in motion to replace this transmitter, and comparisons and evaluation had already been made that led to the decision of a GatesAir Flexiva FAX20 air-cooled transmitter.
The theory of operation seemed very sensible. Individual, hot-swappable power supplies for each power amplifier module will make future replacements quick and easy.
Redundancy is improved since the IPA and power amplifier modules for each power block are the same and interchangeable. General maintenance is swift and simple with occasional filter cleaning, with internal building temperature monitored by remote control.
Time was of the essence since the project changed from a planned transition to an immediate replacement.
We had two major concerns: factory lead times due to COVID-19’s impact on supply chains, and the weather condition’s effect on site accessibility. Nick VanHaaster, our GatesAir sales representative, as well as their manufacturing and shipping divisions, were helpful in sourcing a new transmitter quickly.
It is almost unavoidable with Murphy’s Law applying to emergency engineering, and we still ran into a major two-week delay with the freight carrier. Thankfully, the quality of the packaging materials and assembly alleviated most concerns. The two inches of snow expected at the tower site on the projected arrival date had turned into two feet of snow when the transmitter reached us.
After initial inspection, it was determined that the transmitter could be safely transported in the original crating covered in tarps for temporary waterproofing. With the transmitter arriving in two crates, the weight could be distributed on a flatbed trailer and towed by a 4×4 truck with tire chains.
Compared to the amount of work that went into removing the old tube transmitter, installation was very quick. After running new rigid transmission line to the combiner and three-phase delta power via top access, the transmitter was on and running into a dummy load within hours.
We have seen noticeable improvements in performance and efficiency. The difference in broadcast clarity was immediate, while reduced power consumption has had an immediate impact in utility cost savings.
Smooth operatorThe operation has been perfectly stable, with no issues since the transmitter came to air. In addition, the ground footprint is significantly less than the old tube transmitter, leaving room for another rack and future infrastructure.
This transmitter utilizes the GatesAir Flexiva FAX50 exciter, which is as easy to configure. The exciter is fed audio via composite from an Omnia processor, and the transmitter is output via Myat 3 1/8-inch rigid transmission line to an ERI combiner installed two years ago. From there, it is combined with another solid-state transmitter and run to a directionally polarized Jampro antenna bay.
Overall, this transmitter has exceeded high expectations. When it comes to installation, functionality, operation, broadcast clarity and efficiency, the affordability borders on unique. Even after the warranty expires, our expectations are that parts, labor and most importantly main transmitter downtime will be drastically diminished.
We look forward to adding more of the Flexiva line of solid-state transmitters to our fleet, and the additional savings in operating costs we will see in the future.
Radio World User Reports are testimonial articles intended to help readers understand why a colleague chose a particular product to solve a technical situation.
For information, contact Keith Adams at GatesAir in Ohio at 1-513-459-3447 or visit http://www.gatesair.com.
The post User Report: GatesAir Springs Into Action for KTHK appeared first on Radio World.
Black Lion Audio has released its first USB bus-powered, portable audio interface, the Revolution 2×2. The 2 x 2 USB-C desktop unit offers 24-bit/192 kHz capabilities and utilizes the company’s new Macro-MMC clocking technology.
BLA’s new Macro-MMC clocking technology is based on its numerous clocking products and modifications, with the aim of providing quality A/D-D/A conversion.
[Check Out More Products at Radio World’s Products Section]
Additionally, Revolution 2×2 internally integrates the company’s PG-i technology, with all power rails being highly filtered in every active stage. According to the company, with power being decoupled across all of the interface’s circuitry — preamps, converters, internal power supply and the clock — noise contamination from other devices plugged into the audio interface itself is discernibly reduced.
In terms of its analog circuitry, Revolution 2×2 is built with high-end integrated circuits with Vishay, Nichicon and Wima capacitors being used. Internal gain-staging has been optimized for a low signal-to-noise ratio, and all analog I/O connections are fully decoupled and balanced.
The interface comes with the Revolution Software Suite, which includes PreSonus’ Studio One Artist DAW, as well as select plug-ins from Brainworx (bx_digital), iZotope (Elements — includes Nektar, Neutron Ozone, and RX8), and Plugin Alliance (Lindell Audio 6X-500 hardware-modelled preamp and passive EQ).
Revolution 2×2 is shipping, but initial supply is reportedly constrained due to the shortage of the components chosen by the company’s engineers, according to Black Lion Audio chief operations officer Preston Whiting. The interface runs around $399.
Info: www.blacklionaudio.com
The post Black Lion Audio Unveils Revolution 2×2 Audio Interface appeared first on Radio World.
The Educational Media Foundation, large station group owner and parent of the K-Love and Air1 radio networks, has announced plans to relocate its headquarters from Rocklin, Calif., to the Nashville, Tenn., area. The move will transpire over three years.
[Read: EMF Urges Quick Decision on Franken FMs]
EMF CEO Bill Reeves explained, “This move will enable us to better serve our audiences and deepen our relationships with faith-focused artists, content creators and the recording, film and publishing industries as we continue to broaden our media offerings through radio, film, streaming, live events, books and more.”
The nonprofit religious broadcaster already has studios in the Nashville area. “It recently expanded its studio, from which the K-Love morning show and Air1 programs now broadcast, and its promotions, AccessMore podcasting, live events and WTA Media teams have offices in the area already,” a release said.
The release also said, “A new permanent campus is to be constructed; the exact location is yet to be finalized.”
The post Educational Media Foundation Heading for Music City appeared first on Radio World.
I had the privilege of knowing and working with Bob, and Ron Rackley, for over two decades. Their contributions to the AM band are phenomenal!
Bob and I traveled to conduct due diligence on Radio Aahs stations that were being sold to Radio Unica in the mid 1990s. I represented Radio Aahs, as VP of that organization, and Bob was retained by Radio Unica.
[Read: Bob du Treil Sr. Dies, Age 88]
We bonded immediately!
I will never forget the AM 1360 upgrade in Dallas, the system arrived set by Bob to theoretical parameters — it was connected, powered up and the monitor points were in! Bob Love It!
Bob did the tricky KATD AM 990 upgrade that provided an upgrade to second-adjacent KIQI AM 1010 in San Francisco — that was genius!
These are only two examples of the creative engineering that Bob (and Ron and Ben …) have provided to the AM band.
Jim Glogowski, LifeBridge Media Group
The post Letter: We Bonded Immediately appeared first on Radio World.
Digital Alert Systems announced availability of Version 4.3 of its Emergency Alert System software running on its DASDEC-II or One-Net SE EAS devices.
“Version 4.3 is a major release that further expands the security measures already built into the Version 4 software, including the addition of support for single sign-on (SSO) systems such as TACACS+,” the company said in its announcement.
SSO lets a user log in with one ID and password to any of several related software systems. The company said this is the first EAS system to offer that capability, which it said will be of help particularly to enterprise customers that manage dozens or hundreds of EAS devices.
“Whereas previously EAS system administrators were required to maintain different names and passwords for each device, now with SSO they can manage users’ access uniformly and grant or deny access to select individuals with the same tools they use for the rest of the enterprise,” it said.
[Related: “FCC Will Explore EAS on the Internet”]
For users of DASEOC, the company’s system for emergency operations centers, V4.3 also improves connectivity and support for the new FEMA Integrated Public Alert and Warning System (IPAWS) Cloud Server changes.
DASDEC-II or One-Net SE customers running Versions 4.0, 4.1 or 4.2 can download the Version 4.3 upgrade at no charge. Registered customers will receive an email with credentials; customers not yet upgraded to Version 4 should contact the company.
The post Digital Alert Systems Adds Single Sign-on appeared first on Radio World.
At a time when the FCC has taken a renewed interest in beefing up emergency alerting and limiting false alarms in the United States, a new report says cybersecurity professionals believe digital systems used to deliver localized emergency alerts are a top threat to so-called smart city technologies.
The term “smart city” is often used to describe deployment of, among other things, information and communication technologies to improve infrastructure and city services. Critics of smart city technologies point to potential threats posed when local jurisdictions adopt various digital systems.
[Read: 10 Cybersecurity Questions to Ask Yourself]
Emergency and security alert systems, street video surveillance, and smart traffic lights, were ranked as significantly more vulnerable to cyberattacks, according to a survey of cybersecurity experts conducted by a think tank at the University of California, Berkeley.
The school’s Center for Long-Term Cybersecurity (CLTC) asked 76 cybersecurity experts in late 2020 to compare the respective risks of cyberattacks against various connected digital systems and the potential impact of successful attacks if they do occur.
The survey ranked emergency and security alert systems that give critical guidance to the public during times of distress as most vulnerable. “Ten of the 76 respondents described how spoofed emergency alerts could cause widespread panic and civil unrest,” according to the report.
Other survey respondents noted the risk of hackers tampering with traffic lights that could cause accidents and gridlock and possibly prevent police, firefighters and ambulances from reaching emergency scenes.
IT security is seen as critical to those smart city technologies, according to the think tank’s white paper. It acknowledges critics who argue “introducing new technologies that increase the connectedness of service delivery systems and government operations with the internet can expose local communities to cyberattacks by a variety of malicious actors.”
The research project was authored by Karen Trapenberg Frick, associate professor in the Department of City and Regional Planning at UC Berkeley, and Alison E. Post, associate professor of Political Science and Global Metropolitan Studies at UC Berkeley, along with several doctoral candidates.
“Our survey results indicate that smart city technologies are not created equally when it comes to cyber-risk. Cybersecurity experts judged emergency and security alerts, smart traffic signals, and video surveillance to be much riskier than many others,” the white paper concluded.
The cybersecurity experts participating in the survey were recruited from academia, government and private industry. The group was also asked to rank the risk of nine smart city technologies, including water consumption tracking, smart tolling, gunshot detection, smart waste and water leak detection.
The authors suggest resources are available for local officials concerned about IT security of their digital systems, including training programs available through the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
The FCC recently issued a Notice of Inquiry (NOI) to explore the potential of internet-based EAS alerts, including audio and video streaming services, and whether such a system would have merit or even be feasible.
The post Public Warning Cited as Greatest Cyber-risk appeared first on Radio World.
Detailed rules involving licensing, fees, penalties and the nature of what defines a nonprofit station all came together when the Federal Communications Commission responded to an objection filed against a licensee operating two translators in Georgia.
Renewal applications were filed in December 2019 by Immanuel Broadcasting Network for two FM translator stations — W241AF in Rossville, Ga., and W271CV in Atlanta. The first is licensed to rebroadcast WKXJ(FM), owned by Entercom License LLC in Walden, Tenn., while the second is licensed to rebroadcast station WTZA (AM), owned by Radio Spice LLC.
[Read: FCC Nixes Idea to Rebrand NCE Translator as Commercial]
In March 2020, an informal objection was filed by Triangle Access Broadcasting, of Raleigh, N.C., alleging three things: that Immanuel submitted its application for the translators without the necessary application fees; that Immanuel previously did not pay required application fees for W241AF when it initially licensed the station; and that Immanuel has not paid required regulatory fees outright for either of the translators.
According to Triangle, Immanuel does not qualify for regulatory or application fee exemptions available to licenses of noncommercial educational stations because the translators, according to Triangle, have been operating as commercial stations. Specifically, W241AF retransmits WUSY, licensed by Entercom, as well as W271CV, licensed to Radio Spice. Although Immanuel is a nonprofit entity, Triangle said, it may not claim the nonprofit regulatory fee exemption because it uses the translators for a commercial purpose — contrary to the religious, charitable or educational mandates the Internal Revenue Code.
Triangle also argued that the commission’s rules are “clearly intended to exempt bona fide noncommercial stations from paying fees while subjecting commercial users to fees” and that nonprofits are not exempted from regulatory fees when they operate commercially.
Finally, Triangle argued that even under a nonprofit claim, Immanuel has “operated outside the framework of the Commission Policy on Noncommercial Nature of Educational Broadcasting,” by airing political advertisements.
Accordingly, Triangle urged the commission to allow the licenses for the translators to expire.
The Media Bureau agreed with one of Triangle’s allegations. While the bureau recognized that Immanuel is a nonprofit entity, it found that the licensee does not qualify for the nonprofit application fee exemption because this exemption is limited only to those nonprofits that operate in special emergency radio and public safety radio services.
Similarly, the NCE stations in the FM band are exempt from paying application fees. But to determine if a translator is an NCE station or not, the bureau looks at its primary stations’ status — is it NCE or commercial? According to the applications, W241AF and W271CV rebroadcast stations WKXJ and WTZA, each of which is a commercial station owned by commercial entities.
“We find that translators operate as commercial translators and are not entitled to claim the NCE exemption,” the Media Bureau said in its ruling. Therefore Immanuel should have paid application fees for the translators when it filed its initial application.
FCC rules say that if a fee nonpayment is discovered within 30 days of filing, the application is dismissed and can be refiled again. If the payment isn’t discovered after 30 calendar days, the commission will bill the filer the amount that is due plus a 25% penalty.
In this case, the applications were submitted without the fee and 30 days elapsed since that date. That means the commission will bill Immanuel retroactively and impose a 25% penalty.
But the commission disagreed with the allegation that Immanuel is required to pay regulatory fees for the station too. The bureau said that Immanuel established its status as a nonprofit station under section 501 of the IRS code. “Because nonprofit entities are exempt from regulatory fees,” the bureau said, “we conclude that Immanuel is not required to pay regulatory fees for the stations.”
Finally, the bureau said that Triangle’s argument that Immanuel may not air advertising is a faulty one. The translators are commercial stations and thus the section against advertising — which applies only to noncommercial stations — is inapplicable here. “Moreover, the determination of whether Immanuel is prohibited from airing political advertising under section 501(c)(3) is a determination to be made by the IRS, not the commission,” the bureau said.
As a result, the bureau granted part of Triangle’s informal objection and denied parts of it as well. The bureau also ordered Immanuel to pay a penalty charge equal to 25% of the still-unpaid application fee, which equals $175.
The post FCC Rejects Call to Let Two Licenses Expire Over Nonprofit Kerfuffle appeared first on Radio World.
Louis “Bob” R. du Treil Sr., an award-winning engineering consultant who was also both son and father to prominent broadcast engineers, has died at age 88.
The death was announced in an obituary from the Association of Federal Communications Consulting Engineers, of which du Treil was a past president. He died last week in hospice in Sarasota, Fla., where he’d lived for 25 years.
in 2011 the former owner and president of du Treil, Lundin & Rackley was honored by the National Association of Broadcasters with its Engineering Achievement Award. NAB cited his reputation as a creative and insightful engineer and his work including contributions to international discussions on mediumwave (AM) directional antenna technology in the 1980s.
Colleagues told Radio World that year that du Treil’s strength was in visualizing designs for AM directional arrays and then making innovative proposals to the FCC in cases that had no clear-cut precedents.
“I’d bend the rules but not break them. Though the FCC may disagree with that,” du Treil told RW then. “I suspect it did get me in trouble a few times. I just tried to take advantage of what was available to me.”
[Read our 2011 profile of Bob du Treil.]
According to the AFCCE bio, Bob du Treil Sr. was born in New Orleans and was introduced to radio engineering as a youth in that city. His father Joe was a prominent engineer who contributed to the construction of AM station WWL in the late 1920s and early 1930s.
After early service in the U.S. Coast Guard, Bob Sr. moved to Washington, D.C. to work in the radio broadcast field. He completed his B.S. degree in electrical engineering at Louisiana State University in 1961.
Bob joined the firm of John H. Mullaney & Associates, where he remained until 1967. He then partnered for several years with his father at L. J. N. du Treil & Associates before moving his family back to D.C., where he joined Jules Cohen & Associates and later was made partner.
In 1983 he launched du Treil-Rackley with colleague Ronald Rackley. It later merged with A.D. Ring & Associates, then headed by John Lundin, in 1987 to form du Treil, Lundin & Rackley Inc.
The firm moved to Florida in the 1990s. Several of its employees have served on the AFCCE board. “dLR continues to the present day under the leadership of Bob’s namesake, Bob du Treil Jr, and partner, Jeff Reynolds,” according to AFCCE.
Du Treil retired in 2006 and pursued volunteer work at the Coast Guard Auxiliary and Sarasota Memorial Hospital. In addition to membership in AFCCE, he was a Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
According to his obituary, du Treil loved socializing, fine dining, boating, fishing, walking and gardening, and owned various boats throughout the years. “He will always be remembered as a jovial, warm, generous, loving spirit – leaving an imprint on all the hearts he touched with his wonderful nature.”
Memorial donations may be made to Tidewell Hospice in Sarasota or Sarasota Memorial Healthcare Foundation, in support of the Brian D. Jellison Cancer Institute in Sarasota.
The post Bob du Treil Sr. Dies, Age 88 appeared first on Radio World.
The unexpected sometimes happens during a research effort. This was true in my quest to determine the truth about the fabled 1906 Fessenden Christmas Eve “first broadcast,” which is well known to Radio World readers.
In doing that research I learned about a cluster of young people — teenagers — who lived in a Brooklyn, N.Y., neighborhood, shared a strong interest in radio and eventually made careers of it.
They were all born around 1890, and as such, were the first generation of young people exposed to radio — the first true geeks or techno nerds. As radio was a hot item, and poorly understood by the average person, radio experimenters frequently provided grist for newspaper reporters.
One New York paper referred to the Brooklyn radio kids as “smart boys” and reported on their activities. One of these was Francis (Frank) Hart who, in 1906, began keeping a sort of radio log/diary. Hart and the remarkable perspective that his journal provided about early radio were mentioned in my articles writings about the “world’s first broadcast.”
Nowadays, it’s difficult to imagine not having instant 24/7 communications, or electric lights that work every time the switch is touched. Yet, 100 years ago, even in the largest cities, telephone service was a rather mysterious thing, subscribed to only by the rich; many electric power companies provided power only during the evening hours and shut down during thunderstorms.
High school science classes shied away from the teaching of subjects such as electricity, wireless, x-rays, flying machines and similar wonders. These inventions were too new, and most educators had little or no grasp of such technologies.
So where did the young people of that era turn to satisfy their hunger for knowledge in such areas?
Certainly, there were public libraries, but in the early 20th century, these weren’t universal, and — just as today — had to balance the reading interests of their clientele with resources available, meaning that the overwhelming majority of books were popular fiction rather than scientific treatises.
Magazines in the area of electricity and wireless were scarce — the first title printed in this country that catered to radio experimenters didn’t appear until 1908.
The Brooklyn Children’s Museum was in this donated Bedford Park mansion from 1899 until 1968. One of its radio station antenna masts is visible. It was erected in 1907–1908 and supported a 250-foot long antenna some 85 feet above the ground. Photo by George FlanaganFilling an Educational Void
Children in Brooklyn were fortunate in having access to the first museum created exclusively for young people, The Brooklyn Children’s Museum, established in 1899.
Its mission was “to actively engage children in educational and entertaining experiences through innovation and excellence in exhibitions, programs, and use of its collection.”
Hart and his peers were in their early teens when the museum opened. It’s not known if they became “regulars” immediately after opening day, but it’s likely this happened with the arrival of a recent college graduate trained in the sciences, someone who would have a great influence on the lives of Hart and his friends, many who went on to successful careers in radio engineering.
Unusual for the times, their mentor was a woman.
It was not uncommon for women to work in the field of telegraphy or telephony. In fact, they were chosen over men for staffing telephone switchboards, based on perceptions about demeanor and temperament.
One of Lee’s charges, Frank Hart, operates the museum’s first radio station as an unidentified youth observes. The station was located in Lee’s office and was under her control. It operated with the self-assigned call letters of ‘CM’ for Children’s Museum. Photo by George FlanaganHowever, radio in the early 1900s was very much “a man’s world.” It involved working with lethal voltages, physically large and heavy apparatus and the climbing of high masts — something women “just didn’t do” then. (Lee de Forest’s 1907 marriage to Nora Blatch wound up in the divorce courts because she persisted in her career as an engineer after their nuptials.)
Such stigmas notwithstanding, Mary Day Lee arrived at the Brooklyn Children’s Museum on Oct. 3, 1905, and began a nearly two-decade-long career in instructing boys and girls about the wonders of electricity, radio and the physical world around them.
Her arrival was heralded with a small note in the organization’s Museum News:
ANNOUNCEMENT: It gives us pleasure to announce the appointment of Miss Mary Day Lee, of New Rochelle, New York, to the position of First Assistant in the Children’s Museum. Miss Lee is a graduate of Barnard College and of the Teacher’s College, New York, where she gave special attention to physics and chemistry. Her work at the Museum will include popular lectures on these subjects and she will be glad to meet any boys and girls who are interested in physical and electrical apparatus and experiments.
Census records indicate that Mary Day Lee was born in Richmond, Va., but the surviving records are ambiguous as to her exact date of birth. College records give it as April 21, 1879. The circumstances of her family’s move to New York City are vague. College records indicate that she graduated from Barnard in 1905, making her about 26 years old at the time of her museum appointment.
Lee was soon to become a pivotal figure in the museum’s operations and in early radio itself. During her tenure, she also would serve as the mentor to young people interested in the physical sciences.
Popularizing Radio in Brooklyn
Lee wasted little time in bringing one marvel of electricity to neighborhood children: a wired telegraph system, which gradually spread out to interconnect the museum with the homes of the young people that she worked with. Within a few months, this wired telegraph system morphed into a full-blown “wireless” station.
The beginnings of that radio station are recorded in the Museum News in spring of 1906, in an article titled “Our Wireless Telegraph”:
“The wireless telegraph receiver is now in good working order and hardly a day passes in which we do not hear messages from some of the stations in the vicinity, or some of the vessels outside the harbor.”
Although the article carries no author’s name, clearly it was penned by Lee. Further in the account is a detailed description of how to make detectors for radio waves and of the construction of a spark type of radio transmitter.
A capacity crowd awaits the setup of electrical apparatus in the museum’s lecture hall. Lee demonstrated and operated such equipment on a regular basis. ©Brooklyn Children’s MuseumThe museum’s radio room — collocated with Lee’s office — soon became one of the most popular attractions at that institution:
“The number of devotees of ‘wireless’ grows steadily, and each week brings one or two more High School boys who wish to investigate the subject seriously and to persevere until they make a transmitter and receiver that will work.
“More than fifty boys from high schools and colleges have come expressly to see the instrument and about ten boys come regularly two or three times a week to experiment on some part of the apparatus.”
Other evidence of her accomplishments is found in an undated newspaper clipping, probably from the Brooklyn Eagle during her first year at the museum. Its gist is that by acquiring radio skills, a person could eavesdrop on commercial and naval communication traffic; but the article also establishes that Lee had sufficient mastery of both the Morse code and radio apparatus to teach these skills:
Of course there is considerable intelligence required before the wireless wiretapping is a success. Worst of all the wireless people talk in Morse code, like any other telegraphers, and before you can understand the dots and dashes … it is necessary to learn that code. Right here is where the Children’s Museum in Bedford Park, Brooklyn, comes into the story.
That unique institution, which is one of Brooklyn’s greatest claims to fame, as everybody knows, runs a set of miscellaneous lectures and courses for the instruction of children, in addition to exhibiting the armadillo, flamingo, cassowary and other stuffed animals for their edification. The curator is Miss Gallop and her assistant is Miss Lee. It is Miss Lee who has taught the boys physics and incidentally wireless [author ’s emphasis].
Mary Day Lee is pictured with other Brooklyn Children’s Museum staff members. Rear row, from left: Miriam S. Draper, librarian; Agnes E. Brown, special assistant, Marguerite Carmichael, assistant to the curator. Front: George P. Engelhardt, assistant curator; Anna Billings Gallup, curator; and Mary Day Lee, assistant curator. According to information supplied by the museum, this photograph was taken in 1913 and was made on glass negative that was damaged in handling, resulting in the visible cracks. ©Brooklyn Children’s MuseumThe wireless work was a result of the elementary course in physics which Miss Lee gives. The boys became very much interested in electricity, and especially in wireless telegraphy, and were soon constructing stations of their own.
The wireless station constructed and operated under the auspices of Lee was state of the art, employing a large induction coil for the generation of the thousands of volts of electricity needed for spark transmissions, and also a mechanical interrupter to drive the coil. The power supplied to the museum at the time came from an “Edison” power plant and was delivered as DC.
If Lee had accomplished nothing else during her lifetime, the construction and operation of one of the few pre-World War radio stations should be enough to put her in the record books.
Lee obviously took pride in the pioneer radio station she helped create, reporting in May of 1906 that it was undergoing “many improvements” and that “we soon expect to have the most powerful amateur station in this part of the country.
“We can receive without difficulty all the messages sent from stations within a radius of fifty miles, and sometimes we can hear Philadelphia,” she wrote in the Museum News. “Some of the boys have heard messages from Rockland, Maine, and Cape Hatteras, distances respectively of three hundred and four hundred miles. Unfortunately we cannot transmit as far as we can receive, but when we increase the height of the pole we hope to signal 25 or 30 miles.”
Behind the Mic
One of the “regulars” at the museum station was Frank Hart, who, concurrent with the establishment of the station, constructed a wireless station of his own in his bedroom. Hart is credited with assisting in the installation of the museum’s station — in particular, the erection of its large long-wire antenna, one end of which was anchored 85 feet above the building.
In addition to his logbook/diary, Hart kept a scrapbook documenting some of his accomplishments. One item is a newspaper clipping that describes his radio activities and apparatus. Although the date and newspaper name are missing, the story appears to have been printed in mid-1907, just a few months after Lee de Forest started his broadcasting activities in New York City.
What’s significant is that the clipping indicates young Hart was experimenting with something few others had tried: the transmission of speech via radio waves. And although this is speculative at best, the article lends some support in making a case for Lee to have been one of the first women — possibly even the first woman — to have her voice transmitted by radio.
Boy Holds Key to Wireless
There is a school boy, Frank Hart Irving [sic], at 942 St. Mark’s avenue, who though only sixteen years old, sat in his bedroom and by means of the perfect wireless telegraph instrument that he had made himself, followed the movement of every vessel in the fleet until it had reached Virgin Pass, and received every message sent out, even … official dispatches … which were intended only for official ears.
Frank has within the last two months constructed an electric arc and connected it with his wireless instruments, so that he may converse eight blocks away with a friend. It is an odd sight to see this boy stand in his bedroom, one wall of which is covered with telegraphic and electrical apparatus, and by playing the blaze from a Bensen [sic] burner on an arc light that he has rigged up, talk with a friend a quarter of a mile away without the use of wires …
The museum’s radio station was rebuilt under the direction of Lee in 1916 to improve its appearance and efficiency. In accordance with new federal regulations the station was operating with the government-assigned call sign of “2KP”. In describing the revamped facility, Lee notes that with the new transformer installed, “we can obtain 13,200 volts” and that it was rated at 500 Watts. The station was dismantled by government order when the United States entered the world war. ©Brooklyn Children’s MuseumWhat the reporter is describing is one variant of an early AM radio transmitter — known in some circles as an “arc phone.” (The Bunsen Burner mentioned supplied hydrocarbons needed to stabilize the arc.)
Such a device was fully capable of transmitting speech and music, and it was this technology that de Forest used in his early broadcasting experiments.
Hart was born on Aug. 12, 1891, making him 16 — the age indicated in the article — in 1907. He logged the first reception of de Forest’s speech transmissions on March 20 of that year. Therefore, we may assume he constructed his AM transmitter sometime in the spring or summer of 1907.
Hart made no entries in his journal about how this primitive radiotelephone transmitter came into being, but two scenarios are likely, and directly or indirectly involve Hart’s mentor and advisor, Mary Day Lee.
The first suggests that Hart approached her for information on construction of an arc transmitter. She certainly would have had the knowledge and skills to guide him in building such a device. Before he took it to his home, a period of testing and experimentation at the museum would have followed, providing her with access to this radiotelephone transmitter.
In a second scenario, Hart could have constructed the transmitter on his own. However, as a precocious teen, he likely would have been proud of his accomplishment and not hesitated in demonstrating this new “wonder” to Lee. Given her scientific curiosity, it’s almost certain that she would have tried it out herself.
In either case, Lee would have had the opportunity to experiment with the radiotelephone transmitter, and in doing so, could easily been the first female to have uttered words wirelessly across space — technically “broadcasting” to anyone within range.
The audience might have included other radio amateurs, as well as land-based or seagoing commercial station operators tuned to the proper wavelength, and possibly even the operators at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, who at that time were just getting used to de Forest’s frequent experimentation with speech and music transmissions.
I have no proof that Lee actually transmitted her voice via Hart’s machine. But I consider the likelihood high, given the availability of the transmitter and the timing. (See box at the end.)
Ms. Lee did not leapfrog into broadcasting as we know it; that business didn’t begin until the early 1920s. She remained in Brooklyn as a lecturer, teacher and mentor to museum neighborhood young people, continuing to operate and improve the wireless station there.
Both the world and radio were changing in the decade of the 1910s. The first U.S. radio laws were enacted in 1910, and two years later even stronger laws were passed governing radio station operations and apparatus. (See my June 3, 2009 article “When the Federal Government Stepped In”). The sinking of the Titanic also did much to create public awareness of the power of radio.
Mary Day Lee continued her work in educating young people about this increasingly valuable tool, and also continued to shatter “glass ceilings,” as she became — in 1917 — the first woman in New York City to be licensed to operate motion picture projection equipment. This was another “man’s world,” as it involved high-current electrical arc light sources, and the handling of extremely flammable and potentially explosive nitrate-based film.
The Great War
The entry in 1917 of the United States into the World War affected not only the museum’s radio activities, but also those of most other radio operations, amateur or commercial. On April 7, and by order of the president, all private stations were shut down or taken over by the government for its own use. This spelled an end to the wireless activities at the museum.
Lee noted the demise of the station in a house publication, the Children’s Museum News:
“[T]he Museum Wireless Telegraph Station was dismantled on April 9th. The wireless pole and all of the apparatus used in sending and receiving messages were removed.”
“While boys cannot hope to send or receive messages until after the war is over, the privilege of learning the wireless code and of practicing it on Museum instruments will be extended to beginners as heretofore.”
That publication also provided a partial listing of the young men — all trained in wireless by Ms. Lee — who by then had entered military service and were working in some aspect of wireless communications in the defense of their country.
Some of her former students kept Lee informed of their activities “overseas” as much as possible:
“Austen Curtis; the first boy who studied Wireless Telegraphy in the Children’s Museum announced in his last letter, dated at Paris, that he had been promoted to the rank of captain in the Radio Corps of the United States Army.”
Leaving the Museum
Although no formal mention of a wedding has been located, apparently Lee was married to Henry B. Weisse in, or sometime prior to, 1917. A New York museum association conference roster that year recorded “Mrs. Mary Day Lee Weisse” as an attendee.
Little is known about her husband; however census records indicate that he was a stockbroker and the couple lived in Queens along with her sister Florence and their father, Richard Lee.
A 1923 article chronicles the end of her tenure at the museum:
“The sudden resignation and departure of Miss Mary Day Lee early in February brought disappointment and regret to her many friends. For seventeen years, thousands of young people delighted in her lectures, and with her personal assistance many a troubled high school student solved his knotty problems in elementary physics and electricity. Under her direction for more than a decade there flourished an amateur wireless telegraph station where every eager inquirer into the mysteries of ‘Wireless’ found satisfaction. Full-fledged wireless operators, made during their recreation hours, emerged from this station at different times. Several of these gave noble service to their country during the World War; some in the quiet research of technical laboratories, others in wireless stations of ships at sea, and others amid the dangers of the trenches and dugouts of the battlefields of France maintaining what was of supreme importance, unbroken wireless communications.”
“We wish her all happiness in her new home at White Plains, New York, which is too far from Brooklyn to permit of her remaining longer in the museum.”
As far as can be determined, Lee Weisse was never directly associated with radio or broadcasting again, though the 1930 census showed that her sister, who still shared the couple’s dwelling, was employed in radio advertising.
In 1949, Lee Weisse received a small bit of recognition in connection with the post-war launch of television. That year, the Brooklyn Eagle published a story recognizing the accomplishments of one of her protégés, Lloyd Espenschied. He had enjoyed a long career at Bell Laboratories, and was being recognized as the co-inventor of coaxial cable, an essential commodity in television. Espenschied stated in the article that he and other Brooklyn youth had received early encouragement in their radio careers from both Lee and her supervisor, Anna B. Gallup.
Also mentioned were Austin Curtis and Frank Hart. Curtis had become a Bell Labs engineer too, and with Espenschied he participated in the world’s first long-distance test of radiotelephony in 1915. Hart was recognized as having served as the manager of a large trans-Atlantic shortwave communications station on Long Island.
Lee also was remembered by Alfred P. Morgan (1889–1972), who was in the same age group as Espenschied, Curtis and Hart. Morgan went on to author more than 50 books, popularizing the sciences for young people. Morgan recalled his association with Lee in the 1963 book “More Junior Authors”:
“I visited the Children’s Museum in Brooklyn, where an unusual young woman, Miss Mary Day Lee, a member of the Museum staff, not only encouraged boys to experiment with electricity and wireless telegraphy, but was able to aid and assist them. My hat is still off to the young woman who could discuss with you the fine points of winding a spark coil.”
Later Years
Lee Weisse and her husband spent the remainder of their lives in White Plains. After her relocation to this New York City bedroom community, she began a second career as a public school teacher, educating young people in science and biology. None of the records examined indicates that any children were born to the couple.
Mary Day Lee Weisse’s husband, Henry, died in late 1964 at the age of 87. She passed away on April 17, 1970 at the age of 90.
Postscript
The White Plains Rural Cemetery tombstone indicates that Mary Day Lee maintained her identity even after her marriage to Henry Weisse.
After Mary Day Lee Weisse left the Brooklyn Children’s Museum, little was written or otherwise recorded about her; I found it difficult even to determine when she’d died.
Census records are available only to 1930, at which time she would have been 70. Telephone books and city directories were of limited use, but did indicate that she was alive when 1970 editions were published.
My wife, Pamela, who grew up near White Plains, N.Y., suggested a visit to area cemeteries. Ultimately, we located Ms. Lee Weisse’ resting place and established her death date.
Photo: James O’NealShe and her husband, Henry, are interred at the White Plains Rural Cemetery, which was established in 1795 and is only a short distance from their last home. However, even finding the couple’s gravesite proved a challenge. The cemetery’s keeper provided a map and general coordinates, but no visible grave marker was evident. It was only after pulling aside a large bush that we found the marker; even in death, Mary Day Lee Weisse remained elusive.
Judging by the size of the bush, we may have been the first to visit her grave since she was laid to rest 40 years ago. I note this only as a way of indicating how this person, a true pioneer and very much ahead of her time, has been all but forgotten. It is my hope that through this published account of her life and career, her memory will be kept alive and her deeds remembered. She was a remarkable person.
In order to establish even a speculative case for such priority, we note that while de Forest was broadcasting on a somewhat regular basis in early 1907, it was not until 1910 that he experimented with live musical broadcasts involving Manhattan Opera Company diva Mme. Mariette Mazarin. She performed several operatic selections on the afternoon of Feb. 24, 1910, according to a report published that May in Modern Electrics. It’s possible that de Forest could have played recordings of female vocalists prior to 1910, but this appears to be the first documentation of his having transmitted a “live” female voice.
Another early radio experimenter and pioneer, Charles Herrold, started up a “radiotelephone” station, with his wife, Sybil, assisting with its operation and appearing on the air. However, this did not occur until 1909.
Another radio pioneer, Reginald Fessenden, in a 1932 letter recounting his early experiments in broadcasting, mentioned that “others” not specified — possibly his wife Helen, or his secretary “Miss Bent” — were supposed to have sung in his first radiotelephone “broadcast,” but developed an early case of “mic fright,” forcing Fessenden to go it alone. While Fessenden stated that this was at the end of 1906, it appears much more likely that his celebrated Christmas Eve broadcasting activities actually took place in December 1909.
In either case, this would clear the way for Mary Day Lee to have been first, if she indeed had worked with Hart in constructing or testing his arc transmitter.
The original version of this article appeared in Radio World in 2010.
The author thanks the following for help in preparation of this article: Pamela A. O’Neal; Jane Johnson, Mecklenburg County (N.C.) Public Library; Beth Alberty, Brooklyn Children’s Museum; Anne-Rhea Smith, Brooklyn Children’s Museum; Miriam Berg Varian, White Plains, N.Y. Public Library; and Harold Mercer, Jr., White Plains (N.Y.) Rural Cemetery.
The post Mary Day Lee, Radio Pioneer appeared first on Radio World.
iHeartMedia has named Jeanna Berge to be market president for Eau Claire, Wis., and Rochester, Minn., as Rick Hencley retires effective April 1.
Her position oversees FM stations KMFX, KRCH, WATQ, WBIZ, WMEQ and WQRB, as well as AM stations KFAN, WBIZ and WMEQ.
Berge also continues as SVP of sales for Eau Claire. She will report to Division President Shosh Abromovich.
“As market president, Berge will work closely with the programming, business and sales teams for all station brands in Eau Claire and Rochester and will oversee the stations’ on-air and digital programming as well as create new revenue opportunities,” a press release states.
Rick HencleyBerge joined the cluster in 2011 as an account executive and has worked her way up in sales management.
She described Rick Hencley as a mentor. “I am determined to share that same motivation, positivity and creativity to help these ambitious teams excel.”
Hencley has also worked at Laird Broadcasting, Great Duluth Broadcasting, Phillips Broadcasting, Cumulus and Clear Channel.
Send People News announcements to radioworld@futurenet.com. Management and engineering position announcements are particularly sought.
The post Berge Takes the Reins in Eau Claire for IHM appeared first on Radio World.
Futuri Media has named Jason Sosa as its chief technology officer.
The company offers audience engagement and sales intelligence technology for media. It cited Sosa’s experience in artificial intelligence as an important part of his background.
It said he has worked in emerging technologies including computer vision, mobile analytics, wearables, IoT and cloud. He was CEO and founder of Blackbox AI and has participated in TEDx several times as well as the MIT Enterprise Forum, Carnegie Mellon Silicon Valley and other prominent platforms.
The announcement was made by Futuri CEO Daniel Anstandig. Sosa is the company’s first CTO.
Clint Marsh, its SVP/Product, recently departed the company.
Send information for our People News coverage to radioworld@futurenet.com.
The post Futuri Names Sosa as CTO appeared first on Radio World.
Organizers of next week’s Pro Audio & Radio Tech Summit reported strong advance registration for the free event. And Radio World has announced a number of new panelist participants.
Here is a summary of the expanded radio track, still subject to final additions. It now includes:
Welcoming Remarks: Editors’ Roundtable — The editors of Mix, Pro Sound News and Radio World will discuss recent trends and emerging technologies in pro audio and radio including virtualization, remote workflows, podcasting, digital technologies and more to open the day’s agenda.
Trends in AoIP — Edwin Bukont of E2 Technical Services, Michael LeClair of WBUR Boston and Chris Crump of Comrex explore current issues and “what’s next” now that AoIP has become well accepted in the industry.
Radio Keynote: Hybrid Radio & Android Automotive — David Layer of NAB PILOT takes attendees behind the wheel of a new Audi A4 to show what Audi’s hybrid radio platform looks like, and his colleague John Clark explains why radio managers need to know what’s going on with the Android Automotive OS, which is expected to create more powerful, modern infotainment systems.
Building the Virtual Air Chain — Radio World returns to the topic of a very popular recent ebook with a discussion about the meaning and the implications of a “virtual airchain” and what it will mean for radio. Roz Clark of Cox Media Group, Philippe Generali of RCS, Alan Jurison of iHeartMedia and Greg Shay of Telos Alliance share their expertise.
Critical Trends in Transmission — Geoff Mendenhall of Mendenhall Engineering and John Kean of Cavell Mertz & Associates talk with RW Editor in Chief Paul McLane about the impact of the DTV spectrum repack in radio, the opening of all-digital as an option on the AM band, audio streams on ATSC 3.0, the transport of FM composite baseband via IP networks, growing interest in single-frequency networks and the possible impact of hybrid radio.
Get the Most Out of Your Station’s Streams — Attendees will hear from veteran engineer and streaming expert David Bialik about loudness and upcoming AES guidelines, as well as the use of metadata and the importance of audio processing. Then John Passmore of New York Public Radio, which recently embarked on a journey to upgrade its digital streaming architecture to create more efficient, cost-effective and better-sounding streaming audio. John will talk about lessons learned and key considerations when building a streaming architecture for public radio.
Additional content is on the agenda including a radio track presentation by Wheatstone and pro audio track sessions on podcasting, house of worship projects, networking for music studios and other topics.
Registration for the summit is free. The event will take place April 1 and be available to registrants on demand for 30 days following.
The post Summit’s Radio Track Expands appeared first on Radio World.
The National Association of Broadcasters wants speaker proposals for the upcoming NAB Show, which this year will be held in October.
“NAB Show seeks submissions regarding expert-led discussions from prospective presenters with fresh ideas and unique perspectives on key trends and technologies driving the future of media and entertainment,” it announced.
For the Broadcast Engineering and IT Conference it hopes for proposals on technology trends including IT- and IP-based systems and the incorporation of artificial intelligence and machine learning, “as well as on next-generation systems throughout the media-delivery ecosystem.”
The deadline for speaking proposals is April 30.
The post NAB Issues a Call for Speakers appeared first on Radio World.
The Audio Engineering Society will conduct a series of webinars explaining how its audio standards process works.
The series is hosted by its Standards Committee. It promises to “illuminate the inner workings of the often complex, yet necessary, set of rules by which engineers and equipment manufacturers abide and the increasingly important role of the AES and its work to establish audio standards and practices that ensure interoperability worldwide.”
[Read: AES’ Prez Wyner Starts Term]
AES members can register for live interaction with the presenters, while non-members can watch a live stream of the event on the AES YouTube channel.
“The webinar will also provide opportunities for individuals to become involved in the ongoing proposal and establishment of working audio protocols,” AES stated.
The announcement was made by AES Standards Committee Chair Bruce Olson, who said the series should help demystify the standards development process.
A webinar on March 29 will discuss the current development of a procedure for loudspeaker test and measurement using a music simulation test signal called M-Noise.
On May 17, Nicolas Sturmel will discuss using AES67 over wide-area networks, the focus of the SC-02-12-M Task Group.
On July 26 Bill Whitlock will discuss ongoing initiatives on analog system interconnection standards in the SC-05-05 Working Group.
In the fourth webinar on Sept.20, Anthony Kuzub will discuss the new AES72 standard from SC-05-02 for transporting either analog or digital audio over quad twisted pair cable, including documentation of RJ45 connector pin-outs.
The post AES Webinars to “Demystify” Standards Process appeared first on Radio World.
NATE: The Communications Infrastructure Contractors Association has announced that with the addition of Summitt Cellular, based in Cleveland, Ga., the tower industry group has more member companies than ever before.
NATE Member Services Chairwoman Jordyn Ladner, of tower maintenance company MILLERCO in Gulfport, Miss., said. “I am proud of the fact that NATE’s membership continues to grow in the face of a global pandemic and that point serves to demonstrate the essential contributions that the association’s member companies play to enable connectivity in the United States and throughout the world.”
[Read: NATE Announces Scholarship Recipient]
NATE Member Services Coordinator Jill Rethke pointed the benefits package for members. “The marketplace is clearly responding to the membership benefits that have been offered by the association over the course of the last several years.”
The post NATE Sets Membership Record appeared first on Radio World.
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